Based on the improved analytic hierarchy process, the authors adopted a 3-scale (0, 1, 2) matrix method to establish regional water ecological security assessment system including 3 layers and 24 indicators according to the real conditions of water environment in Xingtai City. The ecological security assessment system could analyze the influence factors of water environmental security status and evaluate the security situation in Xingtai City. The results showed that the five top influence factors were sewage treatment rate, annual precipitation, wastewater total amount, industrial waste water discharged and urban residential domestic sewage in the 24 indicators. The composite evaluating indexes of the water environment ecological security were within the bandwidth of 0.36 to 0.63, which indicated that the water environment ecological security was still in severe with general or poor state. Some coping strategies and suggestions were put forward to water environmental safety in Xingtai City. The research would provide a theoretical basis for water resource sustainable utilization and a reference for the similar natural condition areas.

A conjugate gradient full waveform inversion program is coded to verify the effectiveness of full seismic waveform inversion and to study its characteristics. Firstly, a one dimensional inhomogeneous model is inverted using one source and one receiver. Then, by modifying different parameters of the inversion, the factors that affect the inversion result are discussed. It is shown that full waveform inversion can produce accurate result when data is abundant. The number of sources and stations is the primary factor that affect the inversion result. Multiscale inversion and better initial model can significantly improve the stability of the inversion. Noise applied to the observed seismogram can cause small scale disturbance on the result, though large scale characteristics of the result remain more or less unaffected.

A 2-D staggered grid pseudospectral and finite difference hybrid method is applied to perform numerical simulations of lunar seismic wave propagation in a laterally heterogeneous crustal Moon model. The relief of lunar crust and mantle interface is defined with different height, width and position based on the present lunar structural models. The effects of these factors on lunar records are discussed, respectively. How the lateral variations of Moon crustal thickness affects the strong wave coda of lunar signals is revealed. The results show that the height of the relief dominates the formation of strong wave coda, greatly affects the duration time and amplitude of the coda. The width of the relief has impact on the amplitude. The effect of position of the relief is complex, not only affecting the travel time of P and S waves, but also the duration time and amplitude of the coda.

Based on many data sources, such as basic geographic information, land use and cover information and statistic data of irrigation areas, the authors picked agricultural irrigation areas in the middle reaches of Heihe river as a study area and analyzed the spatial-temporal distributions of ecological water requirement with Penman-Monteith equation and NDVI data. Considering the real water diversion and consumption per unit grain yield, the efficiency of water allocation was also analyzed. The results show that the annual potential evapotranspiration is between 800 and 1200 mm and the peak occurs between June and August. Average annual potential evapotranspiration is between 614 and 999 mm while maximum of demand appears from April to August. Ecological water requirement reduces from southeast to northwest gradually which is relatively larger along the Heihe river. Ground water plays major role in water diversion while underground water is minor. The yield of water diversion is the largest in 2008 and irrigation areas which have more water diversions flock around the Heihe river. Overall, water resource allocation overthere is fair good. Water supply-demand rate around Heihe river is generally greater than 1 while it is opposite in Shandan and Minle. Nearly 80% of the irrigation areas can be considered as efficient or relative efficient regions. There are four irrigation districts are inefficient and only one is short of water diversion. Therefore, adjustment of water diversion in some certain regions with promotion of water saving technology can enhance the efficiency of water allocation roundly. The results provide feasible reference to improve the efficiency of water allocation in arid area.

Based on the land use data (1986, 1995, 2000 and 2010) and InVEST model, this paper analyzes the land-use change of the middle reaches of Heihe River in the recent 25 years and simulates the water yield of the study area under different land use patterns. Multiple linear regression model is used to explore the influence on the water yield caused by different land use types. The results show that 1) the main types of land use in the middle reaches of Heihe river are bare ground, grass land and farmland. The structure of land use has been changed a lot since 2000. A large number of farmland has transformed into construction land meanwhile water area starts a substantial reduction. 2) 7.3 is considered as the suitable Z value for the study area. From the perspective of subwatershed, the water depth is diminishing from southeast to northwest. 3) The increase of woodland may restrain the water yield. On the contrary, grassland, construction land and bare ground may promote the water yield. Farmland will cause positive or negative hydrological effects due to the different patterns of utility. These results can provide reference for the balance of oasis’ land and water resources.

Taking Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China as an example, CLUE-S model was used to simulate its urban sprawl in 2020. An evaluation system was established based on indicators from speed, strength, morphology, social economic benefits and ecological benefits of urban sprawl. By using SOFM network, the authors zoned the region and evaluated the urban sprawl for each zone. Main conclusions include that 1) Shenzhen can be divided into four regions according to future (2020) urban sprawl, i.e. the highly urbanized zone, the developing zone, the potential zone and the ecology priority zone, and therefore reasonable adjustments of development strategy need to be made; 2) by 2020, the overall quality of urban sprawl in Shenzhen will be high according to current trend, however, problems such as the low efficiency of land use and the incoordination of social-economic and ecological benefits still exist; 3) based on CLUE-S and SOFM, combined with urban sprawl comprehensive evaluation index system, the future urban sprawl can be predicted and analyzed effectively.

The authors put forward the concept of vulnerability of ecosystem services, and carries a case study in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Area. The changes of ecosystem services were calculated from 2001 to 2009 in this region, and radial basis function network was used to assess the potential impacts of ecosystem services to land use change and the adaptive capacity of human-beings based on the 9 training data chosen from 164 counties. The results show that the average ecosystem services value of study area has declined 184.36 yuan/ha from 2001 to 2009, and the positive potential impacts of ecosystem services to future land use change declines from southeast to northwest, and the middle shows the least; the districts near big cities such as Beijing, Tianjin and Tangshan have the best adaptive capacity, which has a positive correlation with GDP; and by integrating potential impacts and adaptive capacity, the study gives the spatial pattern of the vulnerability of ecosystem services: the districts near Bohai Sea turn out to be the least vulnerable; the plain in the southeast and mountains in the northwest are worse; and the districts near Taihang Mountains in the west are the most vulnerable. Of all the residents living in this region, 92.4% range between 2 to 4 in the classification of vulnerability.

The land use of Karst areas in Southwest China changed drastically due to its fragile eco-environment properties and the disturbance from human activities. Modeling and analyzing these changes is impeded by its complex surface features and the intensive human-environment interaction. In order to solve this problem, a combined ANN-CA modeling method is used on Maotiao River Basin in Guizhou Province by the modeling results compared with the actual land use map. The results show 87.62% accuracy with confusion matrix, 57.36% with figure of merit, and all of the selected landscape indexes are similar between them, proving this method a good option for the land use change analysis in Karst and other similar areas.

The authors investigated spatio-temporal patterns of seasonality parameters of crop growing season in Northeast China, by using the SPOT/VGT NDVI ten day composed time-series data collected from 1998 to 2009. First, to minimize the effects of anomalous values caused by atmospheric haze and cloud contamination, the software TIMESAT was used to generate smooth time series of NDVI based on an asymmetric Gaussian function; second, the seasonality parameters, such as the start date, the end date, the peak date, and length of the growing season, were defined and extracted from the smoothed NVDI time-series dataset; third, each of the extracted parameters and the observed agricultural phenophases (including the stages of seedling, heading and maturity for harvest, length of growth period) were compared and validated by using a scatter plot, respectively; finally, the temporal trends and spatial patterns of the major crop seasonality parameters in Northeast China were illustrated and analyzed over the past 10 years. The results show that the growth process of major crops can be discriminated to a certain extent from the temporal trend of observed crop phenological characteristics. Obvious linear correlations can be found between the extracted seasonality parameters and the observed crop phenophases, which indicates that spatio-temporal variations of crop phenophase can be expressed in details by utilizing the extracted parameters from the smoothed NDVI time series. Meanwhile, all these grid-based crop phenophases can be used as data alternative for studying the spatio-temporal responses of crop growth process caused from fluctuation in external environmental conditions, such as air temperature, precipitation and daylight hours, etc.

The authors present an analysis of how scale issues affect a cellular automata model of land use change developed for a research area in Longhua Town, Shenzhen City. The scale dependence of the model is explored by varying the resolution of the input data in 1990 used to calibrate the model and changing the length of model simulating time. To explore the impact of these scale relationships the model is run with input datasets constructed at the following spatial resolutions: 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210 and 240 m for simulating land use in 1995 and 2000. Three kinds of indicator, i.e. point by point accuracy, Kappa and real change accuracy are used to assess the scale sensitivity of the model. The results show that 1) the more fine the cell sizes are, the higher the accuracy of the simulation results; 2) path dependence of the isolated cells is an important source of the spatial scale sensitivity of CA model; 3) the specific geographical process in different periods of time is an important source of the temporal sensitivity scale of CA model. The results have great significance for the scale selection of CA model.

A new way to make the absorption cell of Rb frequency standard using slow-wave structure is suggested. It will increase the interaction between Rb atoms and microwave field, and then the signal to noise ratio of 0-0 transition spectrum and the short term stability will be improved. It is especially useful for Rb frequency standard working in vaccum conditions.

A phase locked loop (PLL) using a free-running self-calibration technique is reported. The proposed self-calibration operation is performed during the process of the normal PLL lock period without requiring a voltage-reference block. The new scheme benefits reducing chip area. The area interrelated to calibration circuits is only 0. 0068mm². The PLL is designed and implemented using SMIC 0.13 μm complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) process and the measured PLL lock-in frequency range is 25-700 MHz. The phase noise of the output clock at 87. 5 MHz is - 131 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset, while the voltage-controlled-oscillator (VCO) is at 700 MHz.

With the aid of theory of landscape ecology, analysis of traj ectories and assessment of ecosystem service, this paper takes the water body in Shenzhen as the research object, analyzing the dynamic process of water body fragment and the corresponding changes of the ecosystem service. The results show that: 1) the process of water body fragment is so clear that the shrink of water body is the main characteristic. During 2000 and 2006, rivers became segment and channelization, pond and wetland were shrinking. In addition, the processes of fragment are different between each kind of water body. 2) The endpoint of the trajectories of change of water is developed land, and the changing process from water to developed land impose the trend of fragmentation and shrinking. 3) Water fragmentation restricts the ecological service. The direct service value increases continuously, while the indirect service value decreases, which leads to the increase of the proportion of the direct service value.

Three periods of structural stress fields can be recognized since Permian in Junggar Basin and adjacent areas based on structural evolution analysis, that is the end of Permian, the end of Jurassic (or lasting to the end of K1) and Neogene. Their maximum principal stress orientation are respectively NWW-NW, near SN, and NNE, which are derived from the occurrence data of the stress-response structures, i. e. , dykes, joints, slickensides, folds and faults. Furthermore, the authors simulated the stress field since Neogene based on 2D finite-element method, to deeply analyze the following questions: distribution and direction of stresses in the whole basin; influence of the geometry model for the stress field; as well as the dynamics of structures related to stress field.

By using a modified emergy-based ecological footprint model, the authors accounted and analyzed the changing processes of the per capita consumption ecological footprint and local output ecological carrying capacity in Guangdong Province from 1978 to 2006. Growth trend was found in both processes, and the growth rate of the output carrying capacity was higher than consumption ecological footprint. The authors researched the structural characteristics and trends of consumption ecological footprint and local output ecological carrying capacity accordingto the different accounts of biological resources, energy resources, industry, human resource and trade respectively. The growth of the non-biological resources consumption footprint was the most important part of the growth of total consumption, while the growth of product output carrying capacity also benefited from the second major industrial development. Extensive trade and the continuous improvement of human resources since reform and opening up policy were the major reasons for continuous improvement of carrying capacity in Guangdong Province.

Mesoproterozoic mafic dyke swarms are extensively developed in the Western Shandong, the east of the North China Craton, which intruded the Early Precambrian crystal basement. The dorminant orientation of these mafic dykes is nearly N-S trending. The mafic dyke swarms in the Western Shandong belong to LREE enrichment magmatic rocks, and are formed in a continental rift environment according to petrology and geochemistry of these mafic dykes. The flow structures and geometry evidences of the dykes indicatethat the magma source of these dykes intruded the pre-existingtensional rupture . The dyke swarms in the Western Shandong intruded from North to South. Angles between the long axis orientations of magnetic fabric textures and the middle line of dykes suggest that the flow direction of these dykes is from North to South. Further it indicate that the dykes intruded fromNorth to South. These flow structures, geochemistry and magnetic fabric textures suggest that magma come from enriched mantle magma source beneath the Yanliao-Zhongtiao aulacogens based on space-time relationship between the mafic dyke swarms and Yanliao-Zhongtiao aulacogens.

To improve and optimize pattern and functions of urban ecosystem, this study tried to indicate urban ecological security pattern conceptually based on correlative studies and chose Changzhou city for a case study. Urban ecological security pattern bythe least-cost distance model was established to integrate natural environment factors and landscape pattern characteristics. Because urban area was composed of social, economic and natural systems, this study divided urban landscape into four color classes according to the various landscape pattern and functions. Hereinto, red landscape was building area that supported living, production, and other social economic activities, gray landscape included different traffic lines and communication corridors could maintain diffusion and transfer of energy, money, products andinformation. Greenlandscape was composed of forest, cropland, and grassland and blue landscape contained river and lake both could preserve biodiversity and adjust environment. Through tracing the landscape function flows, positioning the interaction points of landscape functions, and identifying the frangible area with unsuitable land use, spatial extent with potential ecological risk could be deter mined. Finally, for urban growth and sustainable development, this study put forward urban ecological security pattern to relieve and save ecological risks by setting areas and rules of different land use zones such as prohibited zone, limited area, regulated area, optimized area and potential development area.